POL 332 American Foreign Policy

POL 332 American Foreign Policy (Fall 2019)

Welcome to the course! This is a survey of United States foreign policy from the birth of the nation to the present day. We will also need a conceptual framework that will provide tools of analysis so that we may better understand the American policy and its possible sources, evaluate it, and compare it to other possible policies. Accordingly, we will begin with readings on foreign policy theory and then turn to Walter McDougall's histories of American foreign policy.

CIA Shift from Terrorism to Realism
Threat of Sino-Russian Entente Graham Allison and Dimitri Simes
Sino-Russian Alliance
Authoritarian Capitalism Gerald Seib
China's Authoritarian Challenge to Democracy David Runciman
*United States-Russia Competition in the Arctic
Russians Hack into American Utilities
Chinese Hack United States Navy Contractors
Foreign Policy Issues Facing Democrats William Galston

“Russia is the hurricane: It comes in fast and hard. China is climate change: long, slow, pervasive.”

Rob Joyce, senior cybersecurity adviser at the NSA.

The following (and other) articles refer to recent Chinese and Russian activities:

International Losers in 2019
The Case for Nations Roger Scruton
The International System After the Fall of the Berlin Wall
A New Trade Containment Policy?
David Runciman: China's Authoritarian Challenge to Democracy

For the Final:

As I indicated in class, the final will be simply two essay questions with ample time for good answers.

One of the questions will ask you to apply the material on the traditions of American foreign policy to the contemporary world, as described in several of the assigned readings in the last few weeks. The other question will focus primarily on Codevilla's book, from which most of the readings assignments since the mid-term are taken. Be able to identify Codevilla's main argument.

The questions will be general and broad. You must show your familiarity with and understanding of the substance of the readings by using appropriate details from the assigned readings.

The reading assignments that are relevant for the final exam are as follows:

The last chapter in the Codevilla book; the two op-ed pieces from the Wall Street Journal that I handed out; and chapters one and two of McDougall's The Tragedy of U.S. Foreign Policy, which I also handed out.
The handout I gave you on the "Market State" from Philip Bobbitt's book, The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History.
Chapters 19 & 20 of the Codevilla book; Joseph Nye's "Soft Power".
Chapters 1-9 in the Codevilla book
Final chapter of the McDougall book; the Preface and Introduction of the Codevilla book

Review-papers due in my office—hard copies only!—by 3:00pm Monday. Absolute deadline. No exceptions for any reason.

For the Class of May 2d, the last class:

Hard copies of the review are due by 3:00pm on Monday, May 7, in my office. No emailed copies will be accepted. A grade will be deducted for each late day. Please come in and talk with me about the paper at least once before handing it in.

As I indicated in class, the main point of the five-page review is a critique or commentary (can be a comparison-contrast with other material) on the author's main point (thesis) and on how the author supported and defended that point (the argument). This is descriptive and should take no more than two pages total. The rest of the review is your critique, your discussion and evaluation, of the author's thesis and argument. I suggest that you use the other materials from the course to make comparisons and contrasts.

Basic requirements:

Five pages of text plus a title page, double spaced, typed, 11 or 12 point standard font (Times New Roman, Calibri), standard margins
Carefully proof-read
Clear and convincing evidence that you read the whole work/all the designated articles

For the Class of April 18^th:

Please read the handout I gave you on the "Market State" from Philip Bobbitt's book, The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History.

Consult with me soon about the book you must review by May 7^th.

Books for review:

George Kennan, American Diplomacy: 1900-1950: Matt and Kathiana; no more until the others are full.
John Ikenberry, et al, America, China, and the Struggle for World Order Ellen
Sir Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy Patricia, Juan, Carla
John Ikenberry, et al, The Crisis of American Foreign Policy Frances, Nate

For the Class of April 11^th:

For Wednesday, please read (1) chapter 19 & 20 of the Codevilla book and (2) Joseph Nye's "Soft Power".

If you have trouble accessing Nye's article, or the link does not work (it is working fine for me, now), you can access the article on the Reinsch Library website. Follow these steps:

On the Marymount Portal Page, click on "Quick Links," then on "Library"
On the "Library" page, under "Quick Links" (the left-most column of the three columns that are on the page), click on "MU E-Journal Finder"
On the page entitled "Marymount University Library," under "Online Journals, Books and more," choose "Journals Only" and in the Search box type Foreign Policy
The first item on the list of five is the journal Foreign Policy; on the third line of this entry is "12/01/1970 to 11/30/2014 in JSTOR Arts & Sciences VII." Click on JSTOR Arts & Sciences VII
Scroll down the list of dates to "1990s"; click on "1990s," then scroll down and click on #80, which is the Autumn issue of 1990
Scroll down to the article "Soft Power," pp. 153-171, click on it, and VOILA!
Read the article

Don't forget to see me to select a book or articles to review. Soon!

For the Class of April 4^th:

The reading assignment is chapters 1-9 in the Codevilla book. For each chapter, identify (1) Codevilla's main opoint in the chapter (one sentence only!) and (2) how he goes about proving or illustrating his point (one sentence only!). Ellen will report on one of the chapters. Nate and Kathiana also owe me reports, so if either of you want to pick one of the assigned chapters in Codevilla and report on it (after I approve your selection—I want only one student reporting on each of the chapters), email me and claim one. The reports will also clearly and succinctly state Codevilla's main point and how he goes about proving or illustrating it, but should also include a brief comparison-contrast with the other material that we have read in the course.

As I mentioned in class, some books for review:

George Kennan, American Diplomacy: 1900-1950
Robert D. Kaplan, Warrior Politics: Why Leadership Demands a Pagan Ethos
Sir Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy
Ernest Tuveson, Redeemer Nation

I'll add others to the list. Please come and talk with me about what you wish to review.

For the Class of March 28^th:

As I told you on the 7^th, the assignment for the 21^st was the completing of the McDougall book. That will be the first order of business on Wednesday, but we must also push ahead. Please read the Preface and Introduction of the Codevilla book, also. Bring two or three questions about the readings for class discussion.

The last two chapters of McDougall bring that narrative up to the end of the twentieth century. McDougall begins to discuss presidents and people who are still alive and who you may have heard of. His follow-up book, The Tragedy of U.S. Foreign Policy continues to discuss contemporary policy and personnel, as well as taking us on another trip through American history. (I assigned a handout from Tragedy during one of the early classes in the semester.) Codevilla also focuses primarily on contemporary issues, policies, and personnel. This sets the tone for the rest of the semester as we focus on contemporary issues and policies. I want to include one class on the legal-constitutional aspects of American foreign policy, as well.

If the bookstore is out of the Codevilla texts, the book is and has been available through Amazon for the last several months, so there are no excuses for not having access to a copy (it is cheap, too!). I will have a bunch of short handouts for you, as well, on Wednesday. See you then.

For the Class of March 7^th:

For the mid-term:

The exam will be an essay exam with several questions based on the assigned readings. As I indicated in class, the main focus of the exam will be on the concepts or traditions that McDougall describes in Promised Land, Crusader State: Exceptionalism, Unilateralism, Expansion, the American state system, progressive imperialism, liberal internationalism, and containment (and the alternative labels that McDougall and others use for these traditions.

Know what they are and how they differ from each other.
Know how they are compatible with each other (at least according to McDougall), to the extent that they are compatible with each other.
Know why McDougall refers to the first four as the "Old Testament" and the second three (we will add one after break) are part of a "New Testament."
Since we spent more time discussing (1) Unilateralism and Washington's Farewell Address and (2) Liberal Internationalism/Wilsonianism and several documents by Wilson than the other material, pay particular attention to your notes on those materials.

You should also review the material in the Ikenberry introduction and the Holsti essay on the realism approach to international relations and to the levels of analysis that Waltz, Singer, Jervis, and Gilpin use, according to the short treatment of them in the Ikenberry and Holsti readings. In stead of the ambiguous "Level One," "Level Two," and "Level Three" labels, we will use the more descriptive labels of "individual or decision-maker analysis," "state or national analysis," and "international system or state system analysis." Realists Singer, Jervis, and Gilpin make amendments to Waltz's three levels, but they are all taking a similar approach. Review the three or four pages in Ikenberry's essay and Holsti's essay on these writers and the realistic approach.

For the Class of February 28^th:

First thing I remembered AFTER class was the first thing I wrote on my agenda BEFORE the class: discuss the levels of analysis for various foreign policies described in chapters 5 & 6. I apologize for not covering these. We will definitely do so next week.

The reading assignments for next week are chapter 7 in the McDougall text and the individual reports assigned in class:

Juan: Woodrow Wilson's Speech to the League to Enforce Peace (1916)
Carla: Woodrow Wilson's "Peace without Victory" Speech (1917)
Matthew: Woodrow Wilson's Message to Congress asking for a Declaration of War (1917)
Patricia: Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918)
Frances: George Kennan's "Mr X Article" (1947)

(If I have mistaken any of these specific assignments, let me know.)

The first four pertain to chapter 6; the last, to chapter 7. The first four are quite short; the last is substantially longer. Each report/paper should do the following:

It should be between 250 and 300 words, typed, double-spaced. You will read it to the class.
It should succinctly explain the circumstances or setting of the speech/document and its purpose. There is no need to repeat anthing else that McDougall says about it in the text.
Most importantly, it should discuss the parts of the document that relate to the traditions of foreign policy that we have been studying: its conformity or conformities to, and its departure(s) from, those traditions.
The report on Kennan's article may be a bit longer than the other four and should relate to the new tradition of "containment" that McDougall discusses in chapter 7.

Please email me with any questions you might have about preparing your reports.

Mid-Term on Wednesday, March 7th. The focus will clearly be on your understanding of (1) the levels of analysis that Ikenberry and Holsti discuss in the opening essays of the course and (2) more importantly, the seven traditions or concepts that we will have covered before the exam and the historical circumstances that McDougall associates them with.

For the Class of February 21^st:

Good discussion last time. Please read chapters 5 & 6 of McDougall for class. Try to form a clear understanding of the two concepts or traditions that McDougall is discussing and a clear understanding of their differences from one another. How does each of these traditions depart from the four Old Testament traditions that McDougall discussed before?

You should also identify one specific policy (not tradition) that McDougall describes in one of the two chapters and explain to the class whether the policy emerged primarily from Level 1 (decision-makers), Level II (national or domestic forces), or Level III (the international state system). It seems to me that no foreign (nor domestic) policy can be understood using just one of the levels of analysis, but it is possible to make a reasonable case that one of the levels of analysis is more productive of understanding than the other levels in a particular historical situation. That should be your goal.

For the Class of February 14^th:

Please read chapters 3 and 4 of the Promised Land text. As you read about the specific examples of American foreign policy that McDougall describes along the way, try to apply the three levels of analysis to each example: was the American policy primarily a result of (1) America's place in the conbtemporary state system (Level 3), or (2) was the policy a result of domestic forces such as political or economic forces (Level 2), or (3) was the policy primarily the work of an identifiable individual or set of individual decision-makers (Level 1)?

For the Class of January 31^st:

We begin the history of American foreign policy with Walter McDougall's Promised Land, Crusader State. Please read the Preface, Introduction, and chapter one of the book. I may or may not ask for outlines, depending on how the class discussion of Holsti's article goes. It's a good idea to take notes or make an outline of the chapters, anyway.

For February 7^th, chapter two of McDougall's text, some excerpts (handouts) from his Tragedy of U.S. Foreign Policy, and Washington's Farewell Address will be assigned, and we will have my old colleague Chuck Smith visit the class to lead the discussion of the Address. Dr. Smith originated this course twenty-five years ago. Plan to be here.

For the Class of January 24^th:

Please read John Ikenberry's "Introduction," which is a review of material that we discuss in the first class, and Ole Holsti's "Models of International Relations and Foreign Policy." Extra copies are in the rack on my office door.

For the next class, please outline in the form described in class and infra Holsti's article. This is a written assignment; please type it and hand it in after discussing it on January 24^th as I explained in class. Outline format to follow: outline